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Name of a Baby Black and White Ruffed Lemur

Written By samedi 12 mars 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of lemur

Black-and-white ruffed lemur
Black and white Ruffed Lemur (22383460999).jpg

Conservation status


Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.i)[1]

CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Grade: Mammalia
Lodge: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Lemuridae
Genus: Varecia
Species:

Five. variegata

Binomial proper noun
Varecia variegata

Kerr, 1792[3]

Subspecies

V. v. variegata (Kerr, 1792)
V. v. editorum (Osman Hill, 1953)
V. v. subcincta (A. Smith, 1833)

Varecia variegata range map.svg
Distribution of Varecia variegata [4]
Synonyms

5. 5. variegata:

  • vari Muirhead, 1819
  • varius I. Geoffroy, 1851 [5]

The blackness-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) is an endangered species of ruffed lemur, ane of ii which are endemic to the island of Republic of madagascar. Despite having a larger range than the ruby-red ruffed lemur, it has a much smaller population that is spread out, living in lower population densities and reproductively isolated. It also has less coverage and protection in big national parks than the scarlet ruffed lemur. Three subspecies of black-and-white ruffed lemur have been recognized since the red ruffed lemur was elevated to species condition in 2001.[6]

Together with the red ruffed lemur, they are the largest extant members of the family Lemuridae, ranging in length from 100 to 120 cm (iii.iii to iii.9 ft) and weighing between 3.1 and 4.i kg (6.8 and 9.0 lb). They are arboreal, spending most of their fourth dimension in the high awning of the seasonal rainforests on the eastern side of the island. They are also diurnal, active exclusively in daylight hours. Quadrupedal locomotion is preferred in the trees and on the ground, and suspensory behavior is seen during feeding. As the virtually frugivorous of lemurs, the diet consists mainly of fruit, although nectar and flowers are also favored, followed by leaves and some seeds.[7]

The black-and-white ruffed lemur has a complex social construction and is known for its loud, raucous calls.[6] It is unusual in that information technology exhibits several reproductive traits typically establish in pocket-size, nocturnal lemurs, such equally a short gestation period, big litters and rapid maturation.[7] In captivity, they can live up to 36 years.[8]

Taxonomy [edit]

The black-and-white ruffed lemur is 1 of ii species in the genus Varecia, the other beingness the red ruffed lemur (V. rubra). Three subspecies are recognized: the white-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur (V. v. subcincta), the Hill's ruffed lemur, (V. v. editorum), and the black-and-white ruffed lemur (5. v. variegata, the nominate subspecies).

  • Black and white ruffed lemur
    Varecia variegata variegata

  • Loma'southward ruffed lemur male person
    Varecia variegata editorum

  • Loma'southward ruffed lemur male urinating
    Varecia variegata editorum

Clarification [edit]

Together with the red ruffed lemur, the species is the largest extant member of the family Lemuridae, ranging in length from 100 to 120 cm (iii.3 to iii.ix ft) and weighing betwixt three.1 and 4.1 kg (6.8 and 9.0 lb).[9] The black-and-white ruffed lemur is ever both black and white; the full general color patterns do not usually vary. Abdomen, tail, hands and feet, inner limbs, forehead, face and crown are blackness. The fur is white on the sides, back, hind limbs and on the hindquarters. Males and females are akin.[ten]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

The species inhabits the eastern rainforests of Madagascar. Information technology occurs at low to moderate altitudes, in chief forests with tall and mature trees, and by preference deep inside contiguous blocks of vegetation, although patchy forests are made use of if necessary.[one]

The three subspecies accept slightly different ranges. The white-belted blackness-and-white ruffed lemur is found furthest to the north,[xi] the southern blackness-and-white ruffed lemur is found furthest to the south,[12] and the blackness-and-white ruffed lemur has a geographic range between the other two subspecies.[13]

Diet [edit]

Wild black-and-white ruffed lemurs have a highly frugivorous nutrition, with fruit making up 92% of their overall diet. Smaller percentages of leaves, nectar, seeds, and fifty-fifty fungi brand upward the remainder. Their nutrition is also influenced by the seasons, with certain plant parts and fruits only ripening or becoming available during certain times of the year. Water consumption also varies throughout the twelvemonth and can be influenced by diet.[xiv] The number of tree species utilized by for food by the lemurs tin range from 19 to xl species depending on location. The larger office of fruit items in the diet is provided by 4 taxa of fruit trees: Ravensara species, Chrysophyllum boivinianum, Protorhus species, and Harungana madagascariensis.[15]

Behavior [edit]

Female dominance [edit]

Black-and-white ruffed lemurs demonstrate the rare behavior of female social dominance both within and outside the context of feedings. This is also institute in other ruffed lemurs as well as in ring-tailed lemurs and red ruffed lemurs. Aggressive interactions between males and females are usually won by the female fifty-fifty when they do non show ambitious beliefs towards the male. Dissimilar other species of lemurs, black-and-white ruffed lemur females occasionally show submission and more than aggression needs to exist maintained in order for the female to win the interaction instead of having an undecided interaction. Male aggression does not vary among seasons.[16]

One of the master reasons that blackness-and-white ruffed lemurs exhibit dominance is for feeding purpose; that is they are able to establish priority over males in feeding. Reproductive females need more access to food because of the costs of carrying and caring for offspring which is why they establish this feeding priority. Energy demands in this species are specially high. Female dominance in feeding is maintained through demonstrating some aggressive behavior and leading the grouping to food in guild to have first access to the food. Dominance is not thought to be established in younger females and then groups lacking a mature female may not have a dominant female person. When a dominant female is present, she leads the group to the food source and eats more than the remainder of the group.[17]

Communication [edit]

The black-and-white ruffed lemur demonstrates several different telephone call types each of which last several seconds. Nigh lemurs of a group participate in any ane chorus. These lemurs are particularly known for their loud roar/shriek choruses which have several purposes including group movement, spacing amongst different groups, and alarming other members of the group of predators. Different the calls of other species, the calls of the black-and-white ruffed lemur are non likely to exist for the establishment of territory for a grouping. The calling behavior is participated in throughout the form of a day, non concentrated at whatsoever 1 bespeak of the day; nonetheless calls are unremarkably not heard at nighttime.[18]

Interspecific interactions [edit]

Black-and-white ruffed lemurs are known to course a natural hybrid zone with the carmine ruffed lemur. This zone may have once been very large earlier humans came into contact with the two subspecies. The calls of the ii organisms differ in frequency and pulse rate.[nineteen]

[edit]

Studies of groups of blackness-and-white ruffed lemurs both in captivity and in the wild take demonstrated a variety of social structures from pairs to large groups. Groups have been shown to exhibit a range of fission fusion dynamics, meaning that group size can fluctuate based on resource availability. When resource (e.g. food) are plentiful, the environment tin can support a larger group of lemurs, but when resource are scarce, the group may split into smaller sub-groups to survive. The sub-groups can rejoin and split every bit needed with environmental and social cues.[20] Parenting in this species of lemurs is unique in that no single infant is invested in but instead, females bear litters of multiple offspring. Males likewise play a role in the parenting of the offspring peculiarly in smaller groups where the certainty of paternity is high. In larger groups, the chance of a female mating with more than one male increases as does incertitude in paternity. This tends to decrease the level of male care of offspring. Instead of clinging to the female parent, offspring are placed into a nest which is guarded by both parents, described in detail below.[21]

Reproduction [edit]

Both males and females attain sexual maturity between the ages of one.v and 3 years, although convenance is non necessarily successful during the first twelvemonth of maturity. Males exhibit testicular enlargement as they mature, which gradually increases over the months leading to their breeding window. Later successfully breeding with a female person, the male'due south testicles gradually reduce to normal. When females become sexually mature and enter estrus during the breeding season, their vaginas begin to open slightly, starting with a small pinkish dot and line, which is easily visible considering the pare around the vulva is black. The pink area gradually opens over the course of several days. Once fully opened, vaginal rut lasts ii–3 days. During this time, at that place is an even smaller window of fourth dimension (vi–12 hours) when the female person is in behavioral estrus, and breeding is but possible during this period. After breeding, the female's vulva gradually closes and remains black and closed for the remainder of the yr. Gestation lasts an average of 102.v days and typically results in a litter of 2–6 offspring that are unable to cling to their mother, as in other primates. The female builds a nest where infants remain until they tin leave it on their own. For the beginning two weeks after birth, the female person stays with the infants near 24 hours a day.[22] [23] Both males and females will guard the nest. There is evidence that related also every bit unrelated females volition deposit their infants in communal nests and share in parental care while other individuals fodder, resulting in increased infant survival compared to single-nesting females.[24] [25]

Conservation [edit]

All 3 subspecies of the blackness-and-white ruffed lemur are classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN.[26] [27] [28] The numbers of black-and-white ruffed lemurs are on a steep down trend, dropping 80% in the 21 years before 2020, the equivalent to three generations.[one] The Vasey studies in 2003 indicated that Nosy Mangabe is the nearly densely populated expanse of black and white ruffed lemurs. It had around 29–43 individuals/km2. Next in decreasing order came Anatanamatazo with 10–15 individuals/km2, and and so Manomba with.4-two.v individuals/km2.[29]

Threats in the wild [edit]

While predators may exist a large threat to the black and white ruffed lemur, the principal threat to their survival comes from the homo inhabitants of the island. Since they are insufficiently large to other species of lemurs they are hunted every bit bushmeat by poachers and village men who are looking to feed their families.[30] Some other threat to the lemurs is the agricultural practices of the local customs. The slash-and-burn method of agriculture is very devastating to the natural habitat of the black and white ruffed lemur.[31]

The black-and-white ruffed lemur is preyed upon past the Henst's goshawk (Accipiter henstii), fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), ring-tailed mongoose (Galidia elegans) and chocolate-brown-tailed mongoose (Salanoia concolor). Nesting behavior poses the greatest risks for predation, specially mammalian predators.

Reintroduction [edit]

Black-and-white ruffed lemurs were role of a reintroduction programme from 1997 to 2001, organized by the Madagascar Fauna Group and the Duke University Primate Center (at present Duke Lemur Center). A full of 13 individuals that were born in human care in the The states were released at the Betampona Reserve, which is in their native range in the rainforests of eastern Republic of madagascar.[32] [33] [34] Prior to being released, individuals were selected by the ruffed lemur Species Survival Programme based on genetic data, health status, life history, and behavioral traits.[35]

All of the individuals underwent a "boot camp" plan prior to release that gave the lemurs experience in a free-range naturally wooded environment.[36] During this fourth dimension, the lemurs were able to meliorate their concrete abilities in a forest canopy every bit well as forage for naturally growing food. The lemurs were released in 3 groups, each consisting of a family grouping or pairing, to mimic their natural group patterns.[35]

Once released into the wild, the animals each had radio transmitting collars, to aid in the enquiry and monitoring possibilities postal service-release. The lemurs were provided with some supplementary food and their health and behavior was monitored.[35] At least five of the released individuals were killed by fossa, a native predator of lemurs, including a breeding pair that had previously raised triplets.[33] Of the surviving lemurs, at to the lowest degree 1 male successfully merged with an existing wild group and reproduced.[35] Future reintroduction efforts are halted due to habitat deposition and fragmentation.[31]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.Chiliad.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.Fifty.; Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: due east.T22918A115574178. doi:x.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22918A115574178.en . Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Printing. p. 117. ISBN0-801-88221-four. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Louis, E.E., Sefczek, T.One thousand., Raharivololona, B., Male monarch, T., Morelli, T.L. & Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22918A115574178. Retrieved 18 July 2020. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Academy Press. ISBN0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  6. ^ a b Mittermeier, R.A.; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 303–320. ISBN978-ane-881173-88-5.
  7. ^ a b Sussman, R.W. (2003) [1999]. Primate Ecology and Social Structure. Vol. 1: Lorises, Lemurs, and Tarsiers (Revised 1st ed.). Pearson Custom Publishing. pp. 195–200. ISBN978-0-536-74363-3.
  8. ^ Gron, KJ (17 August 2007). "Primate Factsheets: Ruffed lemur (Varecia) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Wisconsin Primate Research Middle (WPRC). Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  9. ^ Garbutt, Nick (2007). Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide. A&C Black Publishers. pp. 170–173. ISBN978-0-300-12550-four.
  10. ^ Gron, KJ (2007). "Primate Factsheets: Ruffed lemur (Varecia) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". National Primate Research Middle, University of Wisconsin.
  11. ^ Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.50.; Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata ssp. subcincta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136934A115587032. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136934A115587032.en . Retrieved 12 Nov 2021.
  12. ^ Louis, East.Eastward.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata ssp. editorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136895A115586802. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.Britain.2020-ii.RLTS.T136895A115586802.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  13. ^ Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.50.; Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata ssp. variegata". IUCN Crimson List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22919A115574404. doi:10.2305/IUCN.United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.2020-2.RLTS.T22919A115574404.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  14. ^ Britt, Adam (2000). "Nutrition and Feeding Behaviour of the Black-and-White Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegata variegata) in the Betampona Reserve, Eastern Madagascar". Folia Primatologica. 71 (3): 133–141. doi:10.1159/000021741. PMID 10828690. S2CID 11002097.
  15. ^ Balko, Elizabeth A.; Underwood, H. Brian (2005). "Furnishings of Forest Structure and Limerick on Food Availability for Varecia variegata at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar". American Journal of Primatology. 66 (1): 45–seventy. doi:10.1002/ajp.20127. PMID 15898066. S2CID 2654383.
  16. ^ Raps, Stefan & White, Frances J. (1995). "Female Social Dominance in Semi-Free-Ranging Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia Variegata)" (PDF). Folia Primatologica. 65 (3): 163–eight. doi:10.1159/000156883. PMID 8792616. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012.
  17. ^ Overdorff, Deborah J.; Erhart, Elizabeth M. & Mutschler, Thomas (2005). "Does Female Dominance Facilitate Feeding Priority in Black-and-white Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia variegata) in Southeastern Madagascar?" (PDF). American Periodical of Primatology. 66 (one): 7–22. doi:10.1002/ajp.20125. PMID 15898069. S2CID 35182546.
  18. ^ Geissmann, Thomas & Mutschler, Thomas (2006). "Diurnal Distribution of Loud Calls in Sympatric Wild Indris (Indri indri) and Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia variegata): Implications for Call Functions" (PDF). Primates; Journal of Primatology. 47 (four): 393–six. doi:ten.1007/s10329-006-0189-v. PMID 16736264. S2CID 1586657.
  19. ^ Vasey, Natalie; Tattersall, Ian (2002). "Exercise Ruffed Lemurs Form a Hybrid Zone? Distribution and Discovery of Varecia, with Systematic and Conservation Implications" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 3376: 1–26. CiteSeerXten.1.1.669.8670. doi:ten.1206/0003-0082(2002)376<0001:drlfah>2.0.co;2.
  20. ^ Baden, Andrea L.; Webster, Timothy H.; Kamilar, Jason M. (2016). "Resource Seasonality and Reproduction Predict Fission–Fusion Dynamics in Black-and-White Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia variegata)". American Periodical of Primatology. 78 (2): 256–279. doi:10.1002/ajp.22507. PMID 26606154. S2CID 37492301.
  21. ^ White, F. J.; Balko, E. A.; Fox, E. A. (1993). "Male person transfer in convict ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata variegata" (PDF). In Kappeler, P. K.; Ganzhorn, J. U (eds.). Lemur Social Systems and their Ecological Basis. Plenum. pp. 41–49.
  22. ^ Foerg, R. (1982). "Reproductive behavior in Varecia variegata". Folia Primatologica. 38 (one–2): 108–121. doi:x.1159/000156047. PMID 7201444.
  23. ^ Pereira, ME; Seeligson, ML; Macedonia, JM (1988). "The behavioral repertoire of the blackness-and-white ruffed lemur, Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae)". Folia Primatologica. 51 (i): one–32. doi:10.1159/000156353. PMID 3251818.
  24. ^ Baden, Andrea Fifty.; Wright, Patricia C.; Louis Jr., Edward E.; Bradley, Brenda J. (2013). "Communal nesting, kinship, and maternal success in a social primate". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 67 (12): 1939–1950. doi:10.1007/s00265-013-1601-y. S2CID 18119412.
  25. ^ Baden, AL (2011). Communal infant intendance in blackness- and-white ruffed lemurs ( Varecia variegata) (PhD Dissertation). Stony Beck, NY: Stony Brook University.
  26. ^ Louis, Due east.E., Sefczek, T.M., Raharivololona, B., King, T., Morelli, T.L. & Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata ssp. editorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136895A115586802. Retrieved xviii July 2020. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  27. ^ Louis, E.East., Sefczek, T.Chiliad., Raharivololona, B., Rex, T., Morelli, T.L. & Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata ssp. subcincta". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136934A115587032. Retrieved 18 July 2020. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  28. ^ Louis, E.E., Sefczek, T.Thousand., Raharivololona, B., King, T., Morelli, T.50. & Baden, A. (2020). "Varecia variegata ssp. variegata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22919A115574404. Retrieved 18 July 2020. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  29. ^ Vasey, N. (2003). "Varecia, ruffed lemurs". In S. M. Goodman; J. P. Benstead (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar. Chicago, USA: Academy of Chicago Press. pp. 1332–1336.
  30. ^ Golden, Christopher D. (2009). "Bushmeat hunting and utilise in the Makira Woods, due north-eastern Madagascar: a conservation and livelihoods outcome". Fauna & Flora International. Oryx: 1–seven.
  31. ^ a b Lehman, Shawn K.; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Rajaonson, Andry; Day, Sabine (2006). "Refuse of Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae) in south-due east Madagascar". Oryx. 40 (i): 108–111. doi:ten.1017/s0030605306000019.
  32. ^ Britt, Adam; Welch, C.R.; Katz, A.S. (1998). "Kickoff release of convict-bred lemurs into their natural habitat". Lemur News. 3: five–11.
  33. ^ a b Britt, Adam; Welch, Charlie; Katz, Andrea (2001). "The Impact of Cryptoprocta ferox on the Varecia v.vareigata Reinforcement Project at Betampona". Lemur News. half-dozen: 35–37.
  34. ^ Britt, Adam; Welch, Charles; Katz, Andrea (2000). "Ruffed lemur re-stocking and conservation program update". Lemur News. 5: 36–38.
  35. ^ a b c d Britt, Adam; Welch, Charles; Katz, Andrea; Iambana, Bernard; Porton, Ingrid; Junge, Randall; Crawford, Graham; Williams, Cathy; Haring, David (2004). "The re-stocking of captive-bred ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) into the Betampona Reserve, Madagascar: methodology and recommendations". Biodiversity and Conservation. xiii (3): 635–657. doi:ten.1023/b:bioc.0000009497.24917.ae. S2CID 25560589.
  36. ^ Britt, Adam (1998). "Encouraging Natural Feeding Beliefs inCaptive-Bred Blackness and White RuffedLemurs (Varecia variegata variegata)". Zoo Biology. 17 (5): 379–392. doi:x.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1998)17:5<379::aid-zoo3>3.0.co;2-x.

External links [edit]

  • ARKive – images and movies of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata)
  • Parco Zoo Punta Verde The blackness and white ruffed lemur – Varecia variegata
  • black-and-white ruffed lemur at Brute Diversity Web

klugnotan1971.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white_ruffed_lemur

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